Reference:
Pentapharm. Arpha-arbutin The most effective fast and safe skin brightener. DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. http://www.dsm.com/en_US/downloads/dnpna/DNPNA_PC_336-01_Factsheet_ALPHA-ARBUTIN_6203.pdf
Bang SH, Han SJ, Kim DH. Hydrolysis of arbutin to hydroquinone by human skin bacteria and its effect on antioxidant activity. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008 Sep;7(3):189-93.
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