| DOI: 10.29090/psa.2025.02.24.2544 | Pharm Sci Asia 2025; 52(2), 141-181 |
Herb-derived Compounds and Other Potential Molecules for Non-exudative Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): A Systematic ReviewKeereemake Ketsutham1, Wanna Chaijaroenkul1, Kesara Na-Bangchang1,2,3*
1 Graduate Program in Clinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongneung, Klongluang district, Pathumthani, Thailand
2
Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongneung, Klongluang district, Pathumthani, Thailand
3
Drug Discovery and Development Center, Office of Advanced Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Klongneung, Klongluang district, Pathumthani, Thailand
This article aims to systematically review published research articles on investigating and developing herbs, herb-derived compounds, and other molecules for treating age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a neurodegenerative disorder. Systematic literature searches were conducted in three electronic databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. A total of 84 research articles that met the eligibility criteria were included in the analysis. Fifty-two and thirty articles are related to herbs/herb-derived compounds and non-herbal molecules. Two articles are related to both categories. Most compounds, except emixustat, demonstrated protective activities against retinal cell damage. These protective effects primarily stem from their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, involving various molecular targets and signaling pathways. Dietary carotenoids, polyphenols and diarylheptanoids, particularly those containing saffron, curcumin, lutein, zeaxanthin, quercetin, and resveratrol, hold promise as herb-derived compounds to prevent and delay the onset of AMD development. Additionally, novel strategies include compounds that inhibit RPE65, a key enzyme in the visual cycle, those targeting pyroptosis-mediated inflammation and cell death, and those addressing angiogenesis processes in the retina. These research avenues offer hope for the development of effective treatments for AMD.
Keyword:
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Biomolecules, Herbs, Herb-derived compounds, Non-herbal molecules
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