| DOI: 10.29090/psa.2025.03.25.2925 | Pharm Sci Asia 2025; 52(3), 349-361 |
Optimization of celecoxib nanoemulsion formulated using nutmeg oil as a carrier oil by central composite design: In-vitro and in-vivo evaluationAyu Shabrina1*, M Fatchur Rochman1, Danang N Wibowo1, Junvidya Heroweti2, Almira Ramadhani3, Nur S Rizkynadia3, Yulias N Windriyati1, Zarif M Sofian4, Syed Mahmood4
1 Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Wahid Hasyim, Jl Raya Manyaran-Gunungpati Km 15, Semarang City, Indonesia
2
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Wahid Hasyim, Jl Raya Manyaran-Gunungpati Km 15, Semarang City, Indonesia
3
Undergraduate Study Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Wahid Hasyim, Jl Raya Manyaran-Gunungpati Km 15, Semarang City, Indonesia
4
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Malaya, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur City, Malaysia
Celecoxib (CLX) is a selective COX-2 inhibitor used in the management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, but its long-term use is associated with gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular side effects. This study aimed to optimize a nanoemulsion (NE) formulation of CLX using nutmeg oil (NMO) as a carrier, and Tween 80–PEG 400 as surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively, to enhance transdermal delivery. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was employed to optimize the effects of formulation variables on droplet size, zeta potential, transmittance, and polydispersity index. The optimized formulation (NECLX13) demonstrated a droplet size of 48.30 ± 1.30 nm, zeta potential of -29.30 ± 2.41 mV, transmittance of 95.22 ± 1.15%, and a polydispersity index of 0.488 ± 0.015. In vitro skin permeation studies using Franz diffusion cells and shed snake skin showed significantly enhanced drug flux compared to individual CLX in surfactant, co-surfactant, or NMO alone. NECLX13 reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats within 30 minutes based on the in vivo test and maintained anti-inflammatory effects for up to 6 hours, comparable to Voltaren Emulgel®. These findings indicate that the optimized nanoemulsion enhances the topical delivery of CLX and could be a promising alternative for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
Keyword:
Celecoxib; Central composite design; Nanoemulsion; Nutmeg oil; Anti-inflammation; Transdermal delivery
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