| DOI: 10.29090/psa.2024.03.24.AP0565 | Pharm Sci Asia 2024; 51(3), 223-232 |
Peperomia pellucida Extract Ameliorates Secondhand Smoke Exposure-Induced Lung Fibrogenesis via Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase, Inflammatory, and Fibrotic Cytokines: A Pre-Clinical StudyFarida Anggraini Soetedjo1*, Johanes Aprilius Falerio Kristijanto2, Harman Agusaputra3, Maria Juliati Kusumaningtyas4
1 Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
4
Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia
Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) induces pulmonary fibrogenesis. This process involves dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinase, inflammatory, and fibrotic cytokines. Peperomia pellucida, an Indonesian herbal plant, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of P. pellucida extract on SHSE-induced pulmonary fibrogenesis. We utilized a post-test-only control group design and randomly divided 20 male Wistar rats into three groups (CON, SHS, and SHS+PP). Group CON was exposed to smoke-free room air. Group SHS and SHS+PP received daily SHSE (1 cigarette/rat/day) for four weeks. After cessation of SHSE, group SHS received normal saline, while group SHS+PP received daily doses of P. pellucida extract (400 mg/kg body weight [BW]/day, per oral) for four weeks. Finally, after eight weeks of interventions, the animals were euthanized, and the lung tissues were taken out. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and collagen-1 expression in the lung tissues were assessed using immunohistochemical techniques. The degree of SHSE-induced lung injury was evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Statistical analysis was carried out according to the data obtained, and a significant level of 0.05 was determined. Increased MMP-8, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and collagen-1 expression in the group receiving SHSE were evidence of pulmonary fibrogenesis. Daily administration of P. pellucida extract at 400 mg/kg BW for four weeks led to a marked reduction in the expression of MMP-8, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 compared with the SHSE-treated group (p < 0.05). Histomorphological analysis of the SHSE-received group showed a considerable lung injury with alveolar emphysema and wall thickening as well as infiltration in the alveoli, bronchioles, and vasculature. These alterations were alleviated with P. pellucida extract. Therefore, this pre-clinical study showed that P. pellucida extract ameliorates SHSE-induced pulmonary fibrogenesis by regulating MMP-8, TNF-α, TGF-β1, and collagen-1.
Keyword:
Secondhand smoke; Pulmonary fibrosis; Peperomia pellucida
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